ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Abstract:
The systematic identification and evaluations essential of the potential impacts of proposed projects, plans, programmes, policies, or legislative actions upon the physical, chemical, biological, cultural and socio-economic components of the environment. Also known as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), it includes as well the consideration of measures to mitigate undesirable impacts. The primary purpose of environmental impact assessment is to encourage consideration of the environment in planning and decision-making and ultimately to arrive at actions that are more environmentally compatible.
Environmental impact assessment is potentially one of the most valuable, inter disciplinary, objective decision making tools with respect to alternate routes for development, process technologies and project sites.

Introduction:
Petrochemical industries are the core chemical process industries (CPI) in India. It plays an important role in industrial, economic, social and cultural development of country. To fulfill the requirements and lifestyles of human beings, more and more petrochemical industries have been set up in last two decades. But in this economic excitement, we must have a sight to identify the causes of deterioration of the environment. To prevent the harmful impacts of any project on environment impact assessment (EIA) is most prerequisite. It must be done prior to the set-up of the project.
The petrochemical industries also have so many adverse effects on environments. During various stages of operation, wide variety of pollutants are emitted and discharged to the atmosphere and have serious impact on various components of the environment. The quantity and the quality of pollutants released in air, water and soil from different units are dependent on size of the plants, complexity and quality of the products, raw materials and process technology used, age of the plants, general maintenance, water use pattern and house keeping standards in the factory.
To preserve our environment from such adverse impacts of chemical industries, a sound environmental management must be framed. During recent years, for the survival of mankind and sustainable development, the previous of protection and improvement of environment have been framed in our constitution. The EIA, which identifies and predicts the impact on various environmental components, has been a significant development in environmental management in recent times. The EIA has been made mandatory for getting the environmental clearance issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
Some of the environmental implications of petrochemical industries are emission of large quantity of different pollutants in the environment and natural resources degradation etc. The seminar highlights the environmental issues related to petrochemical production and their uses, their impact on various environmental components and steps to be taken for the sustainable development.

Environment and industry:
Environmental impact assessment has a wide implication and has been broadly used for various applications. In simple terminology the impact assessment attempts to determine the effect of installation on the relationship between the surrounding and its inhabitants.
This relation ship is manifested on various factors and both input and output considerations. Some of the most important ones can be mentioned as follows:
I. Input Information:
Location and layout, Meteorology, Demography and Socio-Economics, Important Monuments, Water Resources/Courses, Soils, Land-use Pattern, Crop And Crop Production, Forest and species.
II. Plant operation:
Process, raw materials
III. Waste streams:
Solid, liquid, Air
IV. Impact on Water Body:
Change in temperature, effect of temperature.
List of polluting industries required to obtain environmental clearance
Primary metallurgical producing industries viz. zinc, lead, copper, aluminium and steel,
Paper, pulp and newsprint,
Pesticides/insecticides,
Refineries, Fertilizers,
Paints and dyes,
Leather tanning,
Rayon,
Sodium/potassium cyanide
Basic drugs
Foundry
Storage batteries
Acids/alkalies
Elastics
Rubber synthesis
Cement
Asbestos
Fermentation industry
Electro-plating industry
Sustainable development :
UN conference on Human Environment at Stockholm in June 1972 has been a landmark in the sphere of the environmental conscientiousness all over the world. Environment and development are not exclusive of each other but are complementary to each other and also interdependent. The concept of sustainable development, which is closely related to carrying capacity of ecosystem, has to primary principles.
a) Symbiotic relation between consumer human race and producer natural system.
b) Compatibility between ecology and economy.
For sustainable development, the development activities to meet the human needs must proceed with acceptable environment limits and are closely related to carrying capacity of the environment. Four essential requirements for sustainable development are environmental harmony, economic efficiency, endogenous choices and equity, social justice.

Environmental Protection Acts, Rules & STANDARDS:
After the United Nation's conference held at Stockholm in June 1972, for the preservation of natural resources of earth and protection and important of human environment, several acts, rules and regulations, conventions and standards have been framed in India, And now it is fundamental duty for all citizens of the country to obey these acts to preserve environment for themselves as well as the coming generations (Table1) describes the various standards for water pollutants coming out from petrochemical industries. Ambient air quality standards are

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